ABSTRACT ItatingamyiaAlbuquerque, 1979 is rare in collections, with only nine specimens preserved in museums. Two species are known, and their placement within Muscidae was never tested using molecular data. Here, we estimate the position of Itatingamyia within Muscidae with mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (AATS, CAD, and EF1-α) markers using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probabilities as optimality criteria. According to our results, we propose to classify Itatingamyia as a Cyrtoneurininae. We also describe the previously unknown female and egg of Itatingamyia couriaeHaseyama and de Carvalho, 2011 and expand the known distribution of this species to the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the discovery of 13 new specimens there. We also argue that Itatingamyia distribution is restricted to Atlantic Forest areas.

RESUMO É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.

ABSTRACT A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.

ABSTRACT Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Jiggs) is an important food source for dairy cattle in the semi-intensive milk production systems most often used in southern Brazil. Although many insect pests are associated with feed grasses, we report here the first occurrence of the fly Atherigona (Atherigona) reversura Villeneuve, 1936 (Diptera: Muscidae) feeding on bermudagrass in Brazil. This potential pest was observed in April 2015 in three localities (Abelardo Luz, Palmitos, and Videira) in western Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. The infested plants had senescent and necrotic terminal leaves that reduced plant growth. New growth had to sprout new tillers from basal nodes, which resulted in a reduced plant growth rate. We also provide a morphological identification key (with figures) for A. (Atherigona) reversura and A. (Acritochaeta) orientalis Schiner, 1868. A molecular identification based on COI is also provided to better differentiate species.

ABSTRACT We measured variation and covariation in wing morphology in six populations of the fly Polietina orbitalis (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae) to test for geographic morphological structure. Additionally, we examined the role of environmental variables in determining geographic variation in wing shape. We sampled five populations in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil (Colombo, Fênix, Guarapuava, Jundiaí do Sul and Ponta Grossa), and one in Paraguay (Mbaracayú). We choose 15 landmarks to describe the wing shape and size and 19 environmental variables to describe the local environmental conditions. Our results showed that P. orbitalis wing shape, but not size, varies geographically. A canonical variate analysis showed the existence of two clusters of populations based on wing shape. These groups compare populations in which the wing is slender with groups in which the wings are broad. These shape differences were correlated with variation in elevation, precipitation and temperature but were not allometric. Taken together, these results suggest that wing shape differences in P. orbitalis populations are due to a plastic response to local environmental conditions.

ABSTRACT Fanniidae (Insecta: Diptera) is a relatively small family (ca. 350 spp.) with five genera, of which Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and Euryomma Stein, 1899 have Neotropical distributions. Some of these species are almost always found in forensic studies. Forensically relevant species have been neglected, despite recent forensic studies that suggest their importance for estimating post-mortem interval (PMI). Thus, current and updated keys to identify adults or larvae on carcasses are unavailable for the most important species. While immature stages are important in estimating PMI, evidence suggests that adults (Fanniidae as well as other families) may also be useful for this purpose. Here we provide a key to males of the species of Fanniidae (found on corpses and other decomposing organic matter) with a checklist of species that have been used in forensics in the Neotropical region. The key comprises all 38 species of Fannia and Euryomma that have already been successfully used in forensics, and species that are potentially useful for estimating PMI. These records were found after reviews of the literature and data from entomological collections. Photographs and illustrations of the main characters in the key are provided.

We describe a new species of Cyrtoneuropsis Malloch, 1925 (Diptera, Muscidae) from Brazil. The new species is included in a previously published key to species. Additionally, we review a previously published matrix to Cyrtoneurina Giglio-Tos, 1893 and Cyrtoneuropsis. A total of 52 character states were modified and the new species was added to it. The modified matrix was analyzed under equal and implied weights. In all topologies, Cyrtoneuropsis spiloptera (Wiedemann, 1830) came up as the sister group of the new species. The monophyly of Cyrtoneurina and Cyrtoneuropsis were recovered, but the relationships among their species, in our data, differ from those obtained in the past.

In a study on Fanniidae biogeography, Dominguez & Roig-Juñent (2011) argued that the family had a Pangeic origin, Late Jurassic/early Cretaceous (~146 Ma). However, recent literature on Diptera supports that Schizophora radiation occurred during Cenozoic. Fanniidae is a widespread taxon and it was interpreted under the maximum vicariance paradigm; the consequence was an analysis with no alternative hypothesis, but Pangeic origin. We verified that Fanniidae historical narrative was incongruent with the Gondwana sequential break-up. A second analysis, assuming the Fanniidae origin during early Paleocene (65 Ma), showed congruence with recent geological events and with the Muscidae diversification, a closely related Muscoidea family. Our hypothesis suggests that the Fanniidae originated in Paleogene and they were affected by few events of vicariance and several expansions during Cenozoic.

En un estudio sobre biogeografía de Fanniidae, Domínguez & Roig-Juñent (2011) argumentaron que la familia era de origen Pangeico, Jurásico superior/Cretáceo inferior (~146 Ma). Sin embargo, literatura reciente sobre Diptera, confirma que la radiación de Schizophora ocurrió durante el Cenozoico. Fanniidae es un taxón ampliamente distribuido y fue interpretado bajo el paradigma de máxima vicarianza; la consecuencia, fue un análisis sin hipótesis alternativas, pero de origen pangeico. Nosotros verificamos que la narrativa histórica de Fanniidae es incongruente con la quiebra secuencial de Gondwana. Un segundo análisis, asumiendo el origen de Fanniidae durante el Paleoceno inferior (65 Ma), mostró congruencia con eventos geológicos recientes y con la diversificación de Muscidae, una familia de Muscoidea próximamente relacionada. Nuestra hipótesis sugiere que Fanniidae se originó en el Paleógeno y fueron afectados por pocos eventos de vicarianza y muchas expansiones durante el Cenozoico.

Brachygasterina Macquart é um gênero endêmico de Muscidae da América do Sul que compreende sete espécies. Aqui, três novas espécies são descritas a partir de material proveniente de regiões de altas altitudes da Colômbia, Equador e Venezuela. Uma chave para as espécies do gênero é fornecida.

The genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Muscidae), comprising seven species, is endemic in South America. Three new species are herein described from the highlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. A key to the species of this genus is provided.

O gênero Brachygasterina Macquart é Neotropical, com seis espécies registradas da Argentina, Chile, Equador e Colômbia. Uma nova espécie foi encontrada em numeroso material de múscidas não identificados, proveniente da América do Sul e pertencente à coleção do "California Academy of Sciences" (San Francisco, Califórnia, U.S.A.). Brachygasterina maculata, nova espécie, de Santiago, Chile, é aqui descrita e ilustrada e sua posição no gênero Brachygasterina é discutida.

The genus Brachygasterina Macquart is Neotropical, with six species recorded from Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Colombia. A new species was found among an extensive unidentified muscid material from South America in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences collection (San Francisco, California, U.S.A.). Brachygasterina maculata, new species, from Santiago, Chile, is here described and illustrated, and its position in the genus Brachygasterina is discussed.

Neurotrixa Shannon & Del Ponte é redescrito, baseado no exame do espécime-tipo de Anthomyia felsina Walker, para incluir duas espécies novas: Neurotrixa marinonii sp. nov. e N. sulina sp. nov., ambas originárias de Colombo, PR, sul do Brasil. A diagnose de Neurotrixa e chave de identificação das três espécies são também incluídas.

Neurotrixa Shannon & Del Ponte is redescribed, based on the exam of the type-specimen of Anthomyia felsina Walker, to include two new species: Neurotrixa marinonii sp. nov. and N. sulina sp. nov., both species from Colombo, PR, southern Brazil. A diagnosis of Neurotrixa and a key for three species of the genus are also included.

O uso dos nomes Trichomorellia Stein e Cyacyrtoneura Townsend são clarificados pelo exame da espécie-tipo, quando disponível, e análise da literatura. São propostas as seguintes sinonímias: Dasymorellia Malloch, 1923 é sinônimo júnior de Trichomorellia Stein, 1918; Cyacyrtoneura cyanea Townsend, 1931 é sinônimo júnior de Pyrellia violacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; e Cyrtoneuropsis Townsend, 1931 (preocc.) e Cyacyrtoneura Townsend, 1931 são sinônimos júnior de Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. Trichomorellia boliviana Townsend, 1931 é designada espécie-tipo de Trichomorellia.

Interpretation of the generic names Trichomorellia Stein and Cyacyrtoneura Townsend is clarified by the examination of their type species, when available, and by analysis of the literature. The following new synonymies are proposed: Dasymorellia Malloch, 1923 is a junior synonym of Trichomorellia Stein, 1918; Cyacyrtoneura cyanea Townsend, 1931 is a junior synonym of Pyrellia violacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and Cyrtoneuropsis Townsend, 1931 (preocc.) and Cyacyrtoneura Townsend, 1931 are junior synonyms of Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. Trichomorellia boliviana Townsend, 1931 is designated type species of Trichomorellia.

Polietina nigra, sp.n. from Una, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro and Polietina univittata. sp.n. from Curitiba, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro are described from adults and P. nigra also from the mature third instar larvae.